2. demonstrate how a major reformer made significant changes in America in the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries.

1. The teacher should ask students to brainstorm a list of changes that can be made by people. At first, no attempt should be made to differentiate between positive and negative changes. Once the list is complete, the teacher should ask students to go t hrough it again, identifying the effects of the changes. Students should note people and groups who might be positively or negatively affected by the changes on the list. The teacher should point out that rarely is a change good or bad for all people.

2. The teacher or individual students should then share with the class a definition of "reform." Students could then be asked to give specific examples of reforms, or they could go back through the brainstormed list, identifying whether or not the change s on their lists were reforms.

3. Students should then be assigned to one of four groups which will each research one reformer. Each group will be assigned to study the life and work of either Theodore Roosevelt, Jane Addams, Booker T. Washington, or Woodrow Wilson. The teacher may introduce or review any research skills needed to complete the assignment; this may depend on the amount of time allotted to the assignment and the number of resources available to the students. Students should also be aware of the group processing and co operative learning skills necessary to work together on a group project.

4. At a minimum, groups ought to be assigned to gather information on the personal lives, objectives, achievements, and challenges facing each of the four reformers. Information may be gathered from available encyclopedias, textbooks, and library books. A few appropriate titles are listed as resources, but teachers will want to supplement these with their own titles.

5. Groups may report to the class about their reformer in several ways:

Groups may create posters or murals to hang around the room that show what they have learned.

Groups may role-play significant events in the lives of their reformers which describe their important accomplishment and challenges.

Groups may give oral reports or employ technology using videotapes or hypercard presentations to report their information.

6. The class should conclude this activity with a discussion of the similarities and differences between the objectives and the accomplishments of these four reformers. The teacher may wish to review the brainstormed list from the beginning of this lesson to determine the extent to which the class predicted the efforts of these reformers.

7. Should the teacher wish to add more reformers to the list, both W.E.B. Du Bois and Susan B. Anthony would appropriate.

The following titles are a representative list of resources for student research:

On Theodore Roosevelt: Beach, James C. Theodore Roosevelt. (Champaign, IL: Garrard Publishing Co, 1960).

Cavanah, Frances. Adventure in Courage: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt. (Chicago: Rand McNally & Co, 1961).

Force, Eden. Theodore Roosevelt. (New York: Franklin Watts, 1987).

Foster, Genevieve. Theodore Roosevelt. (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1991).

Fritz, Jean. Bully For You, Teddy Roosevelt. (New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1991).

Garraty, John A. Theodore Roosevelt: The Strenuous Life. (New York: American Heritage, 1967).

On Jane Addams: Grant, Matthew G. Jane Addams: Helper of the Poor. (Chicago: Children's Press, 1974).

Keller, Gail Faithful. Jane Addams. (New York: Crowell, 1971).

Kittredge, Mary. Jane Addams. (New York: Chelsea House, 1988).

Johnson, Ann Denegan. The Value of Friendship: The Story of Jane Addams. (LaJolla, CA: Value Communications, 1979).

McPherson, Stephanie Sammartina. Peace and Bread: The Story of Jane Addams. (New York: Carolrhoda Books, 1993).

Meigs, Cornelia Lynde. Jane Addams: A Pioneer for Social Justice. (New York: Little Brown, 1970).

On Booker T. Washington: Graham, Shirley. Booker T. Washington. (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1955).

McKissock, Patricia and Fred McKissock. The Story of Booker T. Washington. (Chicago: Children's Press, 1991).

Wise, William. Booker T. Washington. (New York: Putnam, 1968).

On Woodrow Wilson: Leavell, J. Perry, Jr. Woodrow Wilson. (New York: Chelsea House, 1987).

Pearce, Catherine Owens. The Woodrow Wilson Story: An Idealist in Politics. (New York: Crowell, 1963).

Randolf, Sallie G. Woodrow Wilson, President. (New York: Walker, 1992).