• Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., The Indian Heritage of America (original ed., New York: Knopf, 1968; revised and expanded ed., New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1991) is the single best book of its type.

• Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., and Frederick E. Hoxie, eds., America in 1492 (New York: Knopf, 1991) is a unique collaborative study of the Americas before the Europeans arrived, scholarly yet accessible. See also Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., et al., 500 Nations (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994);

• Wilcomb E. Washburn, The In dian in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), and

• Francis Jennings, The Discoverers of America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993).

• The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981),

• After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Co lonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), and

• Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

• John Phillip Reid, A Law of Blood: The Primitive Law of the Cherokee Nation (New York: New York University Press, 1970);

  its sequel --

• John Phillip Reid, A Better Kind of H atchet (State College, Pa.: Penn State University Press, 1975)

Teachers should be aware of two useful and responsible series of books for young-adult readers -- "Indians of North America," published by Chelsea House, and "The First Americans," published by Facts on File.

The controversy about the Indians as "forgotten founders" reached the mainstream public in

• Bruce E. Johansen, Forgotten Founders (Boston: Gambit, 1973);

  Johansen's study is strong on eloquence but weak on conventional historical proof. The two most serious, responsible, and convincing presentations of the view that Indians were among the intellectual forbears of American constitutionalism are

• Donald A. Grinde, Jr., and Bruce E. Johansen, Exemplar of Liberty (Los Angeles: University of California -- American Indian Studies Center, 1991); Oren Lyons, John Mohawk, Vine Deloria, Jr., Laurence Hauptman, Howard Berman, Donald Grinde, Jr., Curtis Berkey, and Robert Venables, Exiled in the Land of the Free: Democracy, Indian Nations, and the U.S. Constitution (Santa Fe: Clear Light Publishers, 1992).

• Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955; W. W. Norton paperback) provides a valuable depiction of the Indian peoples with whom one of the first great students of Indian life had contact.

• James Axtell, The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981);

• James Axtell, After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988);

• James Axtell, Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

• James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).

• John Noble Wilford, The Mysterious History of Columbus (New York: Knopf, 1991; Vintage, 1992),

• Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea (2 vols., Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1942; reprinted, 1992)

• Samuel Eliot Morison, Christopher Columbus, Mariner (new ed., New York: New American Library, 1988).

• Samuel Eliot Morison, The Great Explorers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1 986),

• Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: I. The Northern Voyages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970)

• Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: II. The Southern Voyages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).

• Bartolome de Las Casas (Anthony Pagden, ed.), Brief History of the Destruction of the Indies (New York: Penguin Classi cs, 1992).

• Henry Steele Commager and Elmo Giordanetti, eds., Was America a Mistake? An Eighteenth-Century Controversy (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).

• R.C. Simmons, The American Colonies (New York: David McKay, 1976; W. W. Norton paperback, 1981),

• Richard Middleton, The American Colonies (London and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1992).

• Wallace Notestein, The English People on the Eve of Colonization, 1603-1630 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963);

• David B. Quinn, North America from Ear liest Discovery to First Settlements (New York: Harper & Row, 1977);

• Charles Gibson, Spain in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1966);

• J. H. Elliott, The Old World and the New, 1492-1650 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1970, 1992);

• Richard White, The Middle Ground (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991);

• Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975; W. W. Norton paperback).

• R.C. Simmons, The American Colonies (New York: David McKay, 1976; W. W. Norton paperback, 1981),

• Richard Middleton, The American Colonies (London and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1992).

• Philip D. Morgan and David Ammerman, 1001 Books on Early American History (Williamsburg, Va.: Institute for Early American History and Culture, 1991).

Colonial history is the biggest "growth" field in American history. It has a myriad of specialties -- religious, political, cultural, legal, social, women, ethnic, immigration, economic, literary, constitutional. Of special note are the following, presented in no particular order:

• Edward Perkins, The Economy of Colonial America, rev. ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990);

• John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British North America, 1607-1789: Needs and Opportunities for Study, rev. ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1991);

• Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1968); *Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958);

• Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction (New York: Knopf, 1986);

• Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West (New York: Knopf, 1986);

• Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Strangers within the Realm (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1991);

• Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986);

• John E. Pomfret and Floyd M. Shumway, Founding the American Colonies, 1583-1660 (New York: Harper & Row, 1970);

• Wesley Frank Craven, The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (Baton Rouge: Louis iana State University Press, 1949);

• Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974);

• Edmund S. Morgan, Roger Williams: The Church and the State (1967; New York: W. W. Norton, 1988) ;

• John Demos, A Little Commonwealth (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970);

• Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather (New York: Harper & Row, 1984; Columbia University Press paperback, 1985);

• William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill & Wang, 1983); Samuel Eliot Morison, Builders of the Bay Colony (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930);

• Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop (Boston: Little, Brown , 1962);

• Perry Miller, Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1956);

• Michael Kammen, Colonial New York (New York: Scribner's, 1973);

• Patricia U. Bonomi, A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971);

• David S. Lovejoy, The Glorious Revolution in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1972; Harvard paperback, 1987);

• Richard Hofstadter, America at 1750: A Social Portrait (New York: Knopf, 1971);

• David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989) (the first of a four-volume history of ethnic influences on American development);

• Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family (New York: Harper & Row, 1966);

• Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1982; W. W. Norton paperback);

• Jack P.Greene, Pursuits of Happiness (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988);

• Paul Boyer and Stephen W. Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978);

• Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York: Knopf, 1987);

• Richard L. Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690-1763 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967);

• Richard L. Bushman, King and People in Provincial Massachusetts (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1985);

• Kym S. Rice, Colonial American Taverns (Chicago: Regnery Gateway for Fraunces Tavern Museum, 1983);

• Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1979);

• Thomas Curry, The First Freedoms: Church and State in America to the Passage of the First Amendment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986);

• Harry M. Ward, The United Colonies of New England, 1643-90 (New York: Vantage Press, 1961);

• Harry M. Ward, "Unite or Die": Intercolony Relations, 1690-1763 (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1973);

• Robert C. Newbold, The Albany Congress and Plan of Union of 1754 (New York: Vantage Press, 1955).

• Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience (New York: Random House, 1958),

• Anne Elizabeth Yentsch, A Chesapeake family and their slaves: A study in historical archaeology (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1994),

GENERAL:
• Richard B. Bernstein with Kym S. Rice, Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987)

• Richard B. Bernstein, "Review Essay: Charting the Bicentennial," Columbia Law Review 87 (1987): 1565-1624.

• Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds., The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991),

• Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds., The Spirit of Seventy-six (New York: Harper & Row, 1976; paper ed., New York: Da Capo Press, 1994)

• Richard B. Morris, The American Revolution Reconsidered (New York: Harper & Row, 1967),

• Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973),

• Witnesses at the Creation: Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and the Constitution (New York: Holt, 1985; NAL, 1987),

• Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789 (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), is Morris's magnum opus

ORIGINS:
• Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967; expanded ed., 1992);

• Bernard Bailyn, Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence (New York: Knopf, 1990; Vintage paperback);

• John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967);

• Pauline G. Maier, From Resistance to Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1972; reprint, W. W. Norton, 1991);

• Pauline G. Maier, The Old Revolutionaries (New York: Knopf, 1980; reprint, W. W. Norton, 1991);

• Merrill Jensen, The Founding of a Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968);

• Lawrence Henry Gipson, The Coming of the Revolution (New York: Harper & Row, 1960);

• Hiller Zobel, The Boston Massacre (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970);

• Paul A. Gilje, The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763-1834 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1987);
• Charles S. Sydnor, Gentlemen Freeholders: Political Practices in George Washington's Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1952; reprinted by Free Press as American Revolutionaries in the Making).

  CONTEXT:

• Henry Steele Commager, The Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightenment (New York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1977);

• Henry Steele Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment (New York: George Braziller, 1975);

• Donald S. Lutz, The Origins of American Constitutionalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988);

• Donald S. Lutz, A Preface to American Political Theory (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992);

• Stephen L. Schechter, ed., Donald S. Lutz and Richard B. Bernstein, contrib. eds., Roots of the Republic: American Founding Documents Interpreted (Madison: Madison House, 1990);

• Peter Gay, The Enlightenment, 2 vols. (1965, 1970; New York: W. W. Norton, 1985);

• Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1985);

• Adrienne Koch, ed., The American Enlightenment (New York: George Braziller, 1965);

• Daniel J. Boorstin, The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson (1948; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981);

• Francis Jennings, The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984);

• Francis Jennings, Empire of Fortune (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988);

• Richard White, The Middle Ground (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991);

• Carl Becker, The Declaration of Independence (1922; New York: Vintage/Random House, 1945);

• Jay Fliegelman, Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Cult of Performance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993);

• Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976);

• David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York: Harper & Row, 1974; Norton paperback, 1994);

• Jack Fruchtman, Jr., Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1994);

• John Keane, Tom Paine: A Political Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995);

• Peter Shaw, The Character of John Adams (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975);

• John E. Ferling, John Adams: A Life (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992);

• John R. Howe, Jr., The Changing Political Thought of John Adams (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965);

• Zoltan Haraszti, John Adams and the Prophets of Progress (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952);

• Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993).

  WAR AND DIPLOMACY:

• John Shy, A People Numerous and Armed (1976; rev. and exp. ed., Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990);

• Don Higginbotham, The American War of Independence (New York: Macmillan, 1971);

• Piers Mackesy, The War for America (1964; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992);

• John C. Miller, Triumph of Freedom (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965);

• John R. Alden, The American Revolution, 1775-1783 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963);

• Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War (1979; New York: W. W. Norton, 1980);

• Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986);

• Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (New York: Harper & Row, 1965; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1985).

  EFFECTS:

• J. Franklin Jameson, The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement (1922; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965);

• Richard B. Morris, The American Revolution Reconsidered (New York: Harper & Row, 1967);

• Edward Countryman, The American Revolution (New York: Hill & Wang, 1985);

• Merrill M. Jensen, The New Nation (New York: Knopf, 1950; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1985);

• Merrill Jensen, The American Revolution Within America (New York: New York University Press, 1974);

• Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (1969; New York: W. W. Norton, 1973);

• Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1992);

• William E. Nelson, Americanization of the Common Law (1975; Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994);

• Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1980);

• Peter S. Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993).

  OTHERS AFFECTED:

• Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963);

• Sidney D. Kaplan, The Black Presence in America in the Era of the American Revolution (1973; Amherst, Mass.: University Press of Massachusetts, 1987);

• Duncan MacLeod, Slavery and the American Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974);

• Donald L. Robinson, Slavery in the Structure of American Politics, 1765-1820 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971);

• Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black (1968; New York: W. W. Norton, 1990);

• Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic (1980; New York: W. W. Norton, 1986);

• William H. Nelson, The American Tory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992);

• Bernard Bailyn, The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1974);

• Robert McCluer Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1760-1781 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971).

  CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION:

• Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789 (New York: Harper & Row, 1987);

• Richard B. Morris, ed., Basic Documents on the Confederation and the Constitution (Malabar, Fla.: Robert E. Krieger, 1986);

• Jack N . Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics (New York: Knopf, 1979);

• Edmund Cody Burnett, The Continental Congress (New York: Macmillan, 1941);

• Robert Gross, ed., In Debt to Shays: The Bicentennial of an Agrarian Insurrection (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993);

• David Szatmary, Shays' Rebellion (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980);

• Bill Moyers, Moyers: Report from Philadelphia (New York: Ballantine, 1987);

• Herbert J. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981);

• Douglass Adair (Trevor Colbourn, ed.), Fame and the Founding Fathers (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974);

• Robert A. Rutland, The Ordeal of the Constitution (1966; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1983);

• Bernard Schwartz, The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights (Madison: Madison House, 1992);

• Patrick Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds., The Constitution and the States (Madison: Madison House, 1988);

• Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds., The Bill of Rights and the States (Madison: Madison House, 1992).

• Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, 2 vols. (New York: Library of America, 1993),

• Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist (many editions);

• Ralph Ketcham, The Antifederalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates (New York: Mentor/NAL, 1986);

• Herbert J. Storing and Murray Dry, eds., The Anti-Federalist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985, a one-volume abridgment of the seven-volume The Complete Anti-Federalist [1981]);

• Cecelia J. Kenyon, ed., The Antifederalists (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986).

  THE NEW REPUBLIC:

• John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789-1801 (New York: Harper & Row, 1960); Leonard D. White, The Federalists (New York: Macmillan, 1948);

• Robert F. Jones, George Washington (Bronx, N.Y.: Rose Hill Books of Fordham University Press, 1986);

• Gleen A. Phelps, George Washington and American Constitutionalism (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993);

• Barry Schwartz, George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol (New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1987; Cornell paperback);

• Ralph Ketcham, James Madison (New York: Macmillan, 1971; Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia, 1988);

• Jack N. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1990 [Library of American Biography]);

• Lance Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Creation of the Federal Republic (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995);

• Richard K. Matthews, If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1995);

• John C. Miller, Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox (New York: Harper & Row, 1959);

• Ralph Ketcham, Presidents above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789-1829 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984);

• Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969);

• Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York: New York University Press, 1984);

• Joyce Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992);

• Felix Gilbert, To the Farewell Address (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961);

• Paul A. Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (1963; New York: Penguin, 1968);

• Stephen L. Schechter and Richard B. Bernstein, eds., Well Begun: Chronicles of the Early National Period (Albany, N.Y.: New York State Commission on the Bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution, 1989);

• Stanley Elkins and Eric L. McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993);

• Ralph D. Gray and Michael A. Morrison, eds., New Perspectives on the Early Republic: Essays from the Journal of the Early Republic, 1981-1991. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1994.

• Alan Taylor, William Cooper's Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995);

• Michael Bellesiles, Revolutionary Outlaws (Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1993) (on Ethan Allen and Vermont),

• Alan Taylor, Liberty Men and Great Proprietors (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1990) (on Maine).

  THE AGE OF JEFFERSON:

• Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, 6 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948-1981);

• Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970);

• Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986; Ballantine paperback, 1987);

• Marshall Smelser, The Democratic Republicans, 1801-1815 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968);

• Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jeffersonian America (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1983);

• James M. Banner, Jr., To the Hartford Convention (New York: Knopf, 1970);

• Linda K. Kerber, Federalists in Dissent (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1970);

• Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians (New York: Macmillan, 1951);

• Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971);

• Bernard Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthrophy and the American Indian (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1973);

• J. C. A. Stagg, Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783-1830 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983);

• George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (1952; Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992);

• George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815-1828 (New York: Harper & Row, 1965);

• Ralph D. Gray and Michael A. Morrison, eds., New Perspectives on the Early Republic: Essays from the Journal of the Early Republic, 1981-1991 (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1994).

  LEGACY:

• Michael Kammen, A Season of Youth: The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination (1976; Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988);

• Michael Kammen, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: The Constitution in American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986);

• Drew McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989);

• Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993);

• Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960);

• Peter S. Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993).

• Harry Watson, Liberty and Power (New York: Hill & Wang, 1990),

• Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

• Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948)

• Edward Pessen, Jacksonian America (1975; rev. ed., Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985).

• Ralph D. Gray and Michael A. Morrison, eds., New Perspectives on the Early Republic: Essays from the Journal of the Early Republic, 1981-1991 (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1994).

• Robert V. Remini, The Life of Andrew Jackson (New York: HarperCollins, 1990; Penguin paperback),

• John William Ward, Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955);

• Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1956);

• Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984);

• Glyndon Van Deusen, The Jacksonian Era (New York: Harper & Row, 1959);
• Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961);

• Leonard D. White, The Jacksonians (New York: Macmillan, 1954);

• William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990);

• Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Destruction of American Indians (New York: Vintage, 1975);

• Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957);

• Daniel Walker Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979);

• Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987);

• Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991); and Irving Bartlett, John C. Calhoun (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994).

• Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America exists in two excellent modern unabridged editions, both in paperback, one in two volumes by Phillips Bradley, revising the classic translation (New York: Knopf, 1945; Vintage paperback) and one in one volume by George Lawrence (New York: Harper & Row, 1969). On Tocqueville, see

• Henry Steele Commager, Commager on Tocqueville (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993);

• Larry Siedentop, Tocqueville (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994);

• Andre Jardin, Tocqueville (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1990).

• Geoffrey C. Ward, Ken Burns, and Ric Burns, The Civil War: An Illustrated History (New York: Knopf, 1990; text-only paperback ed., 1994), (with useful bibliography),

• James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Knopf, 1982; rev. ed., 1991),

• James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, 1848-1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988),

• Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York: Random House, 1958-1974),

• Allan Nevins, The Ordeal of the Union (New York: Scribner's, 1948-1971; 1992 reprint, 8 vols. in 4),

• Henry Steele Commager, ed., The Blue and the Gray (Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965 and several later reprintings and abridgments),

• Ira Berlin, ed., Free at Last (New York: The New Press, 1992),

• Robert Penn Warren, The Legacy of the Civil War (New York: Random House, 1961, and later reprintings),

• Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Knopf, 1992, paperback, 1993)

• Don E. Fehrenbacher, Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981),

• Fehrenbacher's 1978 The Dred Scott Case (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978),

• Michael Les Benedict, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973),

Abraham Lincoln is the central political, governmental, and symbolic figure of this period.

• Russell Freedman, Lincoln: A Photobiography (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1987),

• Andrew Delbanco, ed., The Portable Abraham Lincoln (New York: Viking Penguin, 1992, paperback ed. 1993),

• Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed., Abraham Lincoln: Selected Writings (2 vols., New York: Library of America, 1989),

• Robert A. Johannsen (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958) (based on the Lincoln scrapbook of the debates, published in facsimile by the Library of Congress). To explore modern Lincoln scholarship, consult first the excellent symposium volume edited by

• Gabor S. Boritt, ed., The Historians' Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988),

• Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992),

• David Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995)

• Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1994)

• Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Toward None: A Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harper & Row, 1977);

• Benjamin P. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (New York: Knopf, 1952, and later reprints);

• David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942, reprint with new introduction, 1962);

• David M. Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956; Vintage paperback);

• Gabor S. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1978; reprint, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994);

• Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (1956; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990);

• Waldo Braden, Abraham Lincoln as Public Speaker (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989);

• James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).

• Don E. Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962),

• Don E. Fehrenbacher, Lincoln in Text and Context: Selected Essays (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987),

• Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Last Best Hope: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993, co-published with the Illinois State Historical Society and the Henry E. Huntington Library).

• Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991),

• Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

• Thomas Reed Turner, Beware the People Weeping: Public Opinion and the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982),

• William Hanchett, The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983).

• Ulysses S. Grant's Memoirs (many editions) and *William Tecumseh Sherman's Memoirs (many editions) are classic autobiographies, both newly issued in authoritative editions by the Library of America. Valuable biographies include

• William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (New York: Harper Collins, 1991);

• Robert Penn Warren, Jefferson Davis Gets His Citizenship Back (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1980);

• William S. McFeely, Grant (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982);

• John Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier's Passion for Order (New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1993; Vintage, 1994);

• Stephen B. Sears, George McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988);

• Nathan Irvin Huggins, Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981);

• William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991); Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955);

• Hans Trefousse, Andrew Johnson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991);

  and

• Stanton Garner, The Civil War World of Herman Melville (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993).

  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

• Ira Berlin et al., Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992);

• Ira Berlin et al., eds., Free at Last (New York: The New Press, 1994);

• Eugene D. Genovese, Roll Jordan Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Knopf, 1974);

• Julius Lester, To Be a Slave (New York: Scholastic, 1978),

  are first-rate studies of the slave experience.

  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

• David Potter (completed by Don E. Fehrenbacher), The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976);

• Emory Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 1861-1865 (New York: Harper & Row, 1979);

• Phillip Shaw Paludan, "A People's Contest": The Union in the Civil War, 1861-1865 (New York: Harper & Row, 1989);

• Eric S. Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988; abridged as A Short History of Reconstruction [New York: Harper & Row, 1990])

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels: A Novel of Gettysburg (New York: David McKay, 1974, and later reprintings)

• Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage [1900 and many later editions],

• Shelby Foote, Shiloh (1952: New York: Vintage/Random House, 1993),

• Paxton Davis, Four Days (New York: Atheneum, 1981),

• Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1974);

• Alan Trachtenberg, The Invention of America (New York: Hill & Wang, 1978);

• Henry Steele Commager, The American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950);

• Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977);

• Alan Dawley, Struggles for Justice: Social Responsibility and the Liberal State (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1991).

• James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (New York: Macmillan, 1888 and many later editions)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• Thomas R. Hughes, American Genesis (New York: Viking, 1990)

• Thomas Brooks, Toil and Trouble (New York: Delta, 1970),

  and

• Richard B. Morris, ed., A History of the American Worker (1976; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).

• American Social History Project, Who Built America?, 2 vols. (New York: Pantheon, 1990, 1992).

• Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1991);

• Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1978);

• Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Scale and Scope (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992);

• William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991);

• Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law: The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy, 1870-1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

• Maldwyn Jones, American Immigration, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992);

• Roger Daniels, Coming to America (New York: HarperCollins, 1991);

• John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1963 and later editions).

• Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978; Schocken paperback, 1992)

• Lawrence M. Cremin, American Education: The Metropolitan Experience (New York: Harper & Row, 1980).

• Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, and *Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, are available in many different editions.

• Alan Dawley, Struggles for Justice: Social Responsibility and the Liberal State (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1991);

• Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-1917 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985)

• Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.(New York: Knopf, 1955)

• Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967)

• Eric F. Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny (New York: Knopf, 1955);

• Henry Steele Commager, The American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950).

  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

• Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of American Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900-1916 (New York: Free Press, 1963),

Excellent political studies include

• William J. Cooper, Jr., The Warrior and the Priest: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980);

• George S. Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement, 1900-1910 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963);

• Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and Progressive America, 1910-1917 (New York: Harper & Row, 1960);

• Robert Ferrell, Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1917-1921 (New York: Harper & Row, 1987).

• Alan Dawley, Struggles for Justice: Social Responsibility and the Liberal State (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1991),

• Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday (New York: Harper, 1931),

• Since Yesterday (New York: Harper, 1940);

• William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity: 1914-1932 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).

• Norman H. Clark, Deliver Us From Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976).

  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

• John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash: 1929, rev. ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979)

• Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929-1941 (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1984; rev. ed., 1993),

• Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: Pantheon, 1970);

• Michael Bernstein, The Great Depression: Delayed Recovery

  and

  Economic Change in America, 1929-1939 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

• Alan Dawley, Struggles for Justice: Social Responsibility and the Liberal State (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1991)

• William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963)

• William E. Leuchtenburg, In the Shadow of FDR, rev. ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988);

• Eric F. Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny (New York: Knopf, 1955);

• Anthony J. Badger, The New Deal (London: Longman, 1990);

• James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox 1882-1940 (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1955)

  and

  Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom 1940-1945 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970);

• Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990).

• The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1956),

  The Coming of the New Deal, 1933-1934 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958),

  and The Politics of Upheaval, 1935-1936 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960);

• Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929-1941 (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1984, rev. ed., 1993)

• Frederick Lewis Allen, Since Yesterday (New York: Harper, 1940, and later reprintings)

See also

• Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Knopf, 1982);

• Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Depression and War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995);

• T. Harry Williams, Huey Long (New York: Knopf, 1969);

• Ellis Hawley, The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966);

• Peter H. Irons, The New Deal Lawyers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983);

• T.H. Watkins, Fortunate Pilgrim: Harold Ickes and His Times, 1874-1952 (New York: Henry Holt, 1991);

• Bernard Bellush, The Failure of the NRA (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975);

• Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (New York: Hill & Wang, 1978);

• Nancy Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983).

• John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory (New York: Viking, 1976);

• Studs Terkel, "The Good War": An Oral History of World War II (New York: Pantheon; 1984);

• David Brinkley, Washington Goes to War (New York: Knopf, 1987);
• Peter Irons, Justice at War: The Japanese-Internment Cases (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983; rev. ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993);

• A. Russell Buchanan, The United States and World War II, 2 vols. (New York: Harper & Row, 1962);

• Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963);

• David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984);

• Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (New York: Macmillan, 1971; Bantam paperback);

• John W. Dower, Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986);

• Ronald Spector, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan (New York: Free Press, 1985);

• Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).

• Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986);

• Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance (New York: Knopf, 1975; Vintage paperback with new introduction, 1990);

• Gregg Herken, The Winning Weapon (New York: Knopf, 1980).

• Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time (New York: Doubleday, 1976; Vintage paperback)

• William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991);

• William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974; Bantam paperback),

• David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Villard/Random House, 1993);

• Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (1987; rev. ed., New York: Bantam, 1993),

• Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper & Row, 1984).

• Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1960 (New York: Atheneum, 1961, and several paperback editions);

• Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1964 (New York: Atheneum, 1965);

• Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1968 (New York: Atheneum, 1969);

• Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1972 (New York: Atheneum, 1973);

• Theodore H. White, Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon (New York: Reader's Digest Press/Random House, 1975; Dell paperback);

• Theodore H. White, In Search of History (New York: Harper & Row, 1978; Warner paperback), a superb memoir of journalism and politics;

• Theodore H. White, America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956-1980 (New York: Harper & Row, 1982; Warner paperback), a summation of The Making of the President series.

• David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992);

• Robert Ferrell, Harry S Truman (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1994);

• Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969);

• Herbert S. Parmet, Eisenhower and the American Crusades (New York: Macmillan, 1972);

• Herbert S. Parmet, Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy (New York: Dial Press, 1978);

• Herbert S. Parmet, JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (New York: Dial Press, 1982);

• Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965);

• Theodore M. Sorenson, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row, 1965);

• James N. Giglio, The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993);

• Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile in Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993);

• Victor S. Navasky, Kennedy Justice (New York: Atheneum, 1972);

• Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy (New York: Random House, 1993) (the best book on the most controversial assassination in American history, disposing of three decades of conspiracy theories and thus a model not only of contemporary history but of historical method);

• Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), the first of two volumes on Lyndon B. Johnson;

• Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Basic Books, 1978);

• Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978);

• Herbert S. Parmet, Richard Nixon and His America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990);

• Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970);

• Herbert S. Parmet, Richard Nixon and His America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990);

• G. Edward White, Earl Warren: A Public Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

On the civil rights movement:

• Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989),

• David Garrow, Protest at Selma (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978);

• David Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981; Penguin paperback);

• David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Morrow, 1986; Vintage paperback);

• Carl M. Brauer, John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977);

• Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).

• Tom Wicker, JFK and LBJ: The Influence of Personality on Politics (1968; Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993);

• Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor (1971; rev. ed., New York: Vintage paperback, 1993);

• James T. Patterson, America's Struggle Against Poverty, 1900-1980 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981);

• Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991).

• Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977; revised ed. in Penguin paperback, 1990);

• Melvin Leffler, A Preponderance of Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992);

• John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972);

• John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982);

• John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987);

• George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967);

• George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1950-1963 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970);

• Michael Hogan, The Marshall Plan (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1987);

• Walter McDougall, The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985);

• Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).

• Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History, rev. ed. (New York: Viking Penguin, 1990);

• Frances Fitzgerald, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1972);

• David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972; 20th anniversary ed., 1992);

• Neil Sheehan and others, The Pentagon Papers: The New York Times edition (New York: Bantam, 1971);

• Sanford J. Ungar, The Papers and the Papers (1972; 20th anniversary ed., New York: Columbia University Press, 1991);

• George McT. Kahin, Intervention (New York: Knopf, 1986;

  Anchor paperback);

• William Shawcross, Sideshow: Nixon, Kissinger, and the Destruction of Cambodia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978, and revised editions);

• Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983);

• Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1989);

• Neil Sheehan, After the War (New York: Random House, 1992).

• Stanley Kutler, The Wars of Watergate (New York: Knopf, 1990; W. W. Norton paperback);

• J. Anthony Lukas, Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years (New York: Doubleday, 1978; updated edition in Penguin paperback);

• Fred Emery, Watergate (New York: Times Books, 1994 -- the companion volume to the BBC/Discovery Channel documentary miniseries).

• Philip Kurland, Watergate and the Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975);

• Jonathan Schell, The Time of Illusion (New York: Knopf, 1976);

• Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, All the President's Men (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974);

• Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, The Final Days (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975).

• Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983);

• David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986),

• David Halberstam, The Powers That Be (New York: Knopf, 1980),

• J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986),

• Jimmy Carter, Turning Point (New York: Times Books, 1992),

• Hedrick Smith, The Power Game: How Washington Works (New York: Random House, 1988; Ballantine paperback);

• Jeffrey Birnbaum and Alan S. Murray, Showdown at Gucci Gulch: Lawmakers, Lobbyists and the Unlikely Triumph of Tax Reform (New York: Random House, 1987; Vintage paperback);

• Brooks Jackson, Honest Graft: Big Money and the American Political Process (New York: Knopf, 1990; rev. ed., Washington, D.C.: Farragut, 1991);

• Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992);

• Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 2d rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992);

• Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Eloquence in an Electronic Age: The Transformation of Political Speechmaking (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988);

• Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Robert Birdsell, Presidential Debates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988);

• Benjamin M. Friedman, Day of Reckoning: The Consequences of American Economic Policy (New York: Random House, 1988; rev. ed. in Vintage paperback);

• Theodore H. White, America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956-1980 (New York: Harper & Row, 1982; Warner paperback).

• James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1992);

• Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992);

• Robert Hughes, Culture of Complaint (New York: New York Public Library/Oxford University Press, 1993).

• Richard Bernstein, Dictatorship of Virtue: Multiculturalism and the Battle for America's Future (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994),

• Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988).

• William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II, 3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995);

• David Simon, Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991; Ballantine paperback);

• David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Making of Roe v. Wade (New York: Lisa Drew Books/Maxwell Macmillan, 1994);

• Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1993);

• Derrick A. Bell, Jr., And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1987);

• Derrick A. Bell, Jr., Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism (New York: Basic Books, 1992);

• Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Knopf, 1991; Vintage paperback);

• William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987);

• Cynthia Harrison, On Account of Sex (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990);

• Jane J. Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).

• Timothy Garton Ash, The Uses of Adversity (New York: Random House, 1989; Vintage paperback);

• Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern: The Revolutions of '89 as witnessed in Berlin, Budapest, Warsaw, and Prague (New York: Random House, 1990; Vintage paperback, 1993);

• Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993);

  and

• David Remnick, Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Union (New York: Random House, 1993; updated Vintage paperback, 1994).

• Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith (New York: Bantam, 1982) is stiff and formal but reflective;

• Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993),

On the Reagan years,

• Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991),

• Garry Wills, Reagan's America (New York: Doubleday, 1988; updated ed., Penguin paperback),

• William Greider, The Education of David Stockman and Other Americans (1982; revised ed., New York: New American Library, 1984),

• Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992) (Central America);

• Jane Mayer and Doyle McManus, Landslide: The Unmaking of the President, 1984-1988 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988; updated paperback, 1989).

• Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)

• Nancy Reagan, My Story (New York: Random House, 1990)

It is too soon for books on the Bush years to reach beyond the level of journalism; see, e.g.,

• Bob Woodward, The Commanders (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).

• Theodore Draper, A Very Thin Line (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1990)

• Bill Moyers, The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis (Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press, 1988)

• Harold Hongju Koh, The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990);

• Francis D. Wormuth and Edwin P. Firmage, To Chain the Dog of War: The War Power of Congress in History and in Law (1986; rev. ed., Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989);

• John Hart Ely, War and Responsibility (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993);

• Joseph E. Persico, Casey (1990; New York: Penguin, 1991).

• Bob Woodward, The Agenda (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994),

• Elizabeth Drew, On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1994).